Ukuhlukaniswa kwemithombo kawoyela negesi kukhulisa amasu okukhiqiza

Ubuchwepheshe bokukhulisa umkhiqizo wemithombo kawoyela negesi buyindlela yobuchwepheshe yokuthuthukisa amandla okukhiqiza imithombo kawoyela (kufaka phakathi imithombo kagesi) kanye namandla okumunca amanzi emithonjeni yokujova amanzi. Izindlela ezivame ukusetshenziswa zifaka phakathi ukwelashwa kokuqhekeka kwamanzi kanye nokufaka i-acid, ngaphezu kokuqhuma kwemigodi engaphansi komhlaba, ukwelashwa kwe-solvent, njll.

1) Inqubo yokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic

Ukuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic kuhilela ukufaka uketshezi lokuqhekeka olunamandla amakhulu emgodini ngomthamo omkhulu odlula amandla okumunca kokwakheka, ngaleyo ndlela kwandiswe ingcindezi yembobo engezansi futhi kuqhekeke ukwakheka. Ngokujova okuqhubekayo koketshezi lokuqhekeka, ukuqhekeka kudlulela ekujuleni kokwakheka. Inani elithile le-proppant (ikakhulukazi isihlabathi) kumele lifakwe kuketshezi lokuqhekeka ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuqhekeka ukuthi kuvaleke ngemva kokuba ipompo imisiwe. Ukuqhekeka okugcwele i-proppant kushintsha indlela yokuvuza kawoyela negesi ekwakhekeni, kwandiswe indawo yokuvuza, kuncishiswe ukumelana nokugeleza, futhi kuphindwe kabili ukukhiqizwa komthombo kawoyela. “Igesi ye-Shale”, ethandwa kakhulu embonini kawoyela yomhlaba wonke muva nje, izuza ekuthuthukisweni okusheshayo kobuchwepheshe bokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic!

2) Ukwelashwa kokufaka i-asidi emthonjeni wamafutha

Ukwelashwa kokufaka i-asidi emthonjeni wamafutha kuhlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili: ukwelashwa kwe-hydrochloric acid yokwakheka kwamadwala e-carbonate kanye nokwelashwa kwe-asidi yomhlabathi yokwakheka kwamatshe esihlabathi. Ngokuvamile kwaziwa ngokuthi ukufaka i-asidi.

►Ukwelashwa nge-hydrochloric acid yokwakheka kwamadwala e-carbonate: Amadwala e-carbonate afana ne-limestone ne-dolomite asabela ne-hydrochloric acid ukuze akhiqize i-calcium chloride noma i-magnesium chloride encibilika kalula emanzini, okwandisa ukungena kokwakheka futhi kuthuthukise ngempumelelo amandla okukhiqiza imithombo yamafutha. Ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa zokwakheka, i-hydrochloric acid isabela ngokushesha kakhulu namadwala, futhi iningi lawo lidliwa eduze kwephansi lomthombo futhi alikwazi ukungena lijule kungqimba lwamafutha, okuthinta umphumela we-acidification.

►Ukwelashwa nge-asidi yenhlabathi ekwakhekeni kwetshe lesihlabathi: Izingxenye eziyinhloko zamaminerali zetshe lesihlabathi yi-quartz ne-feldspar. Ama-cement ikakhulukazi angama-silicates (njengobumba) nama-carbonate, womabili ancibilika ku-hydrofluoric acid. Kodwa-ke, ngemva kokusabela phakathi kwe-hydrofluoric acid nama-carbonate, kuzovela imvula ye-calcium fluoride, okungavumeli ukukhiqizwa kwemithombo kawoyela negesi. Ngokuvamile, itshe lesihlabathi liphathwa nge-8-12% hydrochloric acid kanye ne-2-4% hydrofluoric acid exutshwe ne-asidi yenhlabathi ukuze kugwenywe imvula ye-calcium fluoride. Ukuhlushwa kwe-hydrofluoric acid ku-asidi yenhlabathi akufanele kube phezulu kakhulu ukuze kugwenywe ukulimaza isakhiwo setshe lesihlabathi futhi kubangele izingozi zokukhiqiza isihlabathi. Ukuze kuvinjelwe ukusabela okubi phakathi kwama-ion e-calcium ne-magnesium ekwakhekeni kanye ne-hydrofluoric acid nezinye izizathu, ukwakheka kufanele kuphathwe nge-hydrochloric acid ngaphambi kokufaka i-asidi yenhlabathi. Uhla lokwelashwa kwangaphambi kokwelashwa kufanele lube lukhulu kunohla lokwelashwa kwe-asidi yenhlabathi. Ubuchwepheshe be-asidi yenhlabathi e-authigenic buthuthukiswe eminyakeni yamuva. I-Methyl formate kanye ne-ammonium fluoride zisetshenziselwa ukusabela ekwakhekeni ukuze kukhiqizwe i-hydrofluoric acid, esebenza ngaphakathi kwengqimba kawoyela emazingeni okushisa aphezulu emithonjeni ejulile ukuze kuthuthukiswe umphumela wokwelashwa kwe-asidi yenhlabathi. Ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswa amandla okukhiqiza emithonjeni kawoyela.