Isayensi Kaphethiloli: Kungani kunzima kangaka ukumba imithombo ejulile kakhulu?

Inselele 1: Izinhlelo Zokucindezela Eziyinkimbinkimbi Emithonjeni Ejulile Kakhulu Umklamo Wesakhiwo Se-Wellbore Oyinkimbinkimbi

Imithombo ejulile kakhulu ingena ezindaweni eziningi zokwakheka komhlaba, ihlangabezana nezindlela zokucindezela imigodi eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ehlanganisiwe. Izindawo ezinomfutho ophezulu kanye nezinomfutho ophansi ziyashintshana, okuholela ezinkingeni ezivame futhi ezixhumene njengokuwa kokwakheka, ipayipi elinamathele, ukulahleka kokujikeleza kwegazi, kanye nokukhahlela. Kukhona ukuntuleka kwedatha yokubhoboza yokwakheka okujulile kakhulu, futhi idatha yokuzamazama komhlaba kanye neyokugcina etholakala yokubikezela ukucindezeleka kwemigodi ilinganiselwe futhi ayikhwalithi ephansi. Ukuntuleka kwedatha yokubhekisela ethembekile, okuhambisana nemikhawulo yokuthembela kuphela ekuqapheni ukucindezela ngesikhathi sangempela ngenkathi kubhobozwa, kuholela ebunzimeni obukhulu kanye nokunemba okuphansi ekubikezeleni ukucindezeleka kwesistimu. Lokhu kuholela emaphutheni amakhulu ekuhlolweni kokwakheka, ukwakheka okungafanele kokujula kokubeka imigodi kanye nobuningi boketshezi lokubhoboza, kanye nezinkinga ezinkulu zokungazinzi kwemigodi. Ubuchwepheshe bamanje abukwazi ukubikezela ngokunembile imingcele ebalulekile efana nokucindezela kokwakheka kanye nezakhiwo zemishini yamatshe, okudala ukungaqiniseki okuphezulu futhi okwenza ukuphathwa kwengozi yemigodi ephansi kube nzima kakhulu. Ngokusekelwe ezidingweni zokuhlola nokuthuthukiswa okusebenzayo, lapho ukujula okwengeziwe komthombo kungadingeka khona, ukwakheka kwesakhiwo semigodi kumele kufake ingxenye eyodwa noma ezimbili zemigodi ephuthumayo ukuze kuhlukaniswe ngempumelelo izindawo ezingaba yingozi, okwandisa kakhulu izindleko ezihlobene.

Inselele 2: Isisindo Esiphezulu Sentambo Yepayipi Emithonjeni Ejulile Kakhulu Sivimbela Ukusebenza Kokusebenza Kwekheyisi Ephephile

Ukubhoboza okujulile kakhulu kungahlangana nokwakheka okufana netshe lodaka elihambayo kanye nezendlalelo zikasawoti-gypsum ezinengcindezi ephezulu, okubeka izingozi zokuguquguquka kwesikhala, ukudilika, kanye nokuqhekeka. Lezi zingozi zivame ukuncishiswa ngokwandisa ubukhulu bodonga lwezintambo zesikhala. Ngaphansi kwezimo zezingxenye ezinde kakhulu zokuqinisa, izinkinga zobude obukhulu kanye nesisindo sezintambo zamapayipi ziyavela. Ngokukhethekile, isisindo sentambo yesikhala singadlula umkhawulo wokulayisha ophephile ngisho nomshini we-rig wamamitha ayi-12,000 (amathani angu-900, olingana nesisindo esihlanganisiwe sezindlovu zase-Afrika ezindala eziyi-150 kuya kweziyi-180). Amandla okuphakamisa ama-rig akhona awanele ukumisa izintambo zesikhala esindayo njalo, ingasaphathwa eyokusingatha imisebenzi yokukhubeka ngesikhathi sezinkinga noma ukuhlangabezana nemingcele yokuphepha edingekayo yokusebenza ngokuphephile.

Amamitha angu-15,240:Ngo-Okthoba 2022, i-ADNOC yabeka irekhodi elisha lomhlaba lomthombo ojulile ngomthombo wayo ovundlile we-UZ-688 ensimini yase-Upper Zakum, ifinyelela ukujula okuphelele (ukujula okulinganisiwe) kwamamitha ayi-15,240.

Inselele 3: Ukwakheka Okuqinile Nokuyinkimbinkimbi Emithonjeni Ejulile Kakhulu Kuvimbela Ukuqhekeka Kwamadwala Okuphumelelayo Nokusheshisa Kokubhoboza Okuphelele

Ukwakheka kwemithombo ejulile kakhulu kuyinkimbinkimbi, kuyacasula kakhulu, futhi akukwazi ukubhoboza kahle. Izindlela ezikhona zokuhlola ukubhoboza azanele futhi azinawo ukunemba kokubikezela, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezintsha zokuhlola, okuphazamisa kakhulu ukwakheka kwesayensi kanye nokukhethwa kwezingxenye zokubhoboza. Uhla lwamanje lwezingxenye zokubhoboza kanye namathuluzi okuthuthukisa izinga lokungena (ROP) lunqunyelwe, kanye nemingcele yokuzivumelanisa nokwakheka kanye nokuthembeka. Ukusebenza kwawo kubi, futhi impilo yesevisi imfushane ezindaweni eziyinselele ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa okuphezulu kanye nokucindezela okuphezulu (HTHP). Kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokuhlola ubuchwepheshe obusha bokubhoboza idwala ngempumelelo emithonjeni ejulile nejulile kakhulu. Ukudluliselwa kwamandla e-hydraulic kanye ne-mechanical kuyinselele ezindaweni ezinde kakhulu, kanye nokulahlekelwa okukhulu kwengcindezi yokungqubuzana ngentambo yokubhoboza, okuholela emandleni anganele entweni futhi kwenza ukubhoboza idwala kube nzima.

Inselele 4: Ukugcina Ukwakheka Koketshezi Lokubhoboza kanye Nokuzinza Kwe-Wellbore Ngaphansi Kwezimo Ze-HTHP Ezijulile Kakhulu

Ukubhoboza okujulile kakhulu kubhekene namazinga okushisa angaphansi komhlaba angaphezu kuka-200°C, okudinga uketshezi lokubhoboza ukuba lube nokumelana nokushisa okuphezulu, ukuminyana okuphezulu, ukubekezelela usawoti, kanye nokuqina kwesikhathi eside. Amazinga okushisa aphezulu angabangela ukwehluleka kwezinto, ukucindezela okuphezulu kwenza ukulawulwa kwe-rheological kube nzima, okuqukethwe usawoti omningi kwenza kube nzima ukungazinzi kohlelo, futhi ukusebenza isikhathi eside kuyingozi yokuwa kwezinto zokulinganisa isisindo. Ukuhlanganiswa kwalezi zidingo ezine ezisebenzayo kuveza izinselele zobuchwepheshe ezinkulu, ezicishe zingenakunqotshwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuchwepheshe obukhona abukwazi ukubhekana ngempumelelo nezinkinga ezifana nokuqhekeka okubangelwa ukupholisa lapho ukwakheka okushisayo kakhulu kuhlangana noketshezi lokubhoboza olupholile, noma ukungazinzi okubangelwa izinguquko emsebenzini wamanzi ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphezulu.

Inselele 5: Ukusebenza Okungafanele Kwe-Cement Slurries kanye Nezobuchwepheshe Ezihlobene Ngaphansi Kwe-HTHP Ejulile Kakhulu Nezimo Zokucindezela Eziyinkimbinkimbi

Izimo ezihilela ukujula okukhulu, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, izingxenye ezinde zokufaka usimende, kanye nezinhlelo zokucindezela eziyinkimbinkimbi zibeka izidingo eziphezulu kakhulu ezimpahleni zodaka lwesimende, okuhlanganisa ukuqina kokumiswa, i-rheology, ukulawulwa kokufuduka kwegesi, kanye nokuqina kwamandla esimende okusethiwe. Izithasiselo ezibalulekile njengezilawuli zokulahlekelwa uketshezi kanye nezithiyo zingase zibole noma zisabele ngendlela engavamile ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu, okuholela ekwehlulekeni kokusebenza kanye nezigameko ezingaba zimbi kakhulu zomgodi wokungena. Indawo yokushisa ephezulu kakhulu ibeka nezidingo eziqinile ekuvumelaneni phakathi kohlelo lokwengeza nezinto ezivimbela ukubuyela emuva kwamandla esimende.

Amamitha angu-9,396:Ngo-2023, umthombo we-Guole 3C we-Tarim Oilfield wabeka irekhodi lomthombo ovundlile ojulile e-Asia (ukujula okulinganisiwe).

Inselele 6: Izimo ze-HTHP Ezidlula Imikhawulo Yokubekezelelana Kwemishini Namathuluzi Abalulekile

Imithombo ejulile kakhulu ibhekene nezimo zemigodi ephansi kakhulu enamazinga okushisa angaphezu kuka-200°C kanye nokucindezela okungaphezu kuka-175 MPa (okulingana nokucindezela kwamanzi ekujuleni kwamamitha angu-17,500, okudlula kakhulu lokho okuphansi kweMariana Trench). Umkhawulo wokushisa wemishini eminingi ephansi ekhona cishe u-175°C. Ngaphansi kwezimo zokusebenza ezinzima ezine-ultra-HTHP, izindawo ezinobuthi, kanye nokudlidliza okunamandla, amathuluzi, amathuluzi, kanye nemishini zivame ukwehluleka. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukuvuvukala nokuguga kwama-elastomer rubber odakeni kuma-motor stator kanye nama-seal kumathuluzi okushaya kwe-torque, ukungasebenzi kahle noma ukwehluleka kwebhethri kwezingxenye ze-elekthronikhi ze-MWD/LWD, kanye nokumelana okwanele kokucindezela kwamathuluzi okuqeda, okwenza imishini ebalulekile namathuluzi angasebenzi.

Inselele 7: Izidingo Ezintsha Zobuchwepheshe Bokugawula Izihlahla Ezivela Emigodini Ejulile Kakhulu, Ene-HTHP, Nencane Enobubanzi Obuncane

Ukujula kwemithombo ejulile kakhulu kusondela emkhawulweni wokusebenza ophezulu wama-winch okugawula amanje, okuletha izinselele ezinhlelweni zamandla ezibandakanya amaloli anamandla amakhulu, izintambo ezinamandla okucindezela okuphezulu, izigubhu ezinamandla amakhulu, kanye nemishini yokuphakamisa enamandla aphezulu. Indawo ye-HTHP engaphansi komhlaba isondela emikhawulweni ephezulu yezinsimbi ezivamile zochungechunge lwe-HTHP. Emhlabeni jikelele, awekho amathuluzi avuthiwe ezinsizakalo ezikhethekile njengezithombe zikagesi kanye ne-nuclear magnetic resonance ezimweni ezinjalo. Ingozi yokwehluleka kwamathuluzi ngenxa yemikhawulo yokushisa kanye nengcindezi iphezulu, okuholela ezingodweni ezingaba khona ezingaphumeleli noma ezisezingeni eliphansi. Ukuncipha kwesignali ngaphezu kwezintambo ezinde kakhulu ezingamamitha ayi-13,000 kuthinta kakhulu izinhlelo ze-telemetry zokugawula izintambo, okwenza ukuxhumana okuzinzile kube nzima ukuqinisekisa.

Inselele 8: Ukuqinisekisa Ukuhlolwa Kwempilo Okuphephile Nokusebenza Kahle Ngaphansi Kwezimo Ezibucayi Ze-HTHP

Izibalo ezisekelwe emgodini ogcwele igesi zibonisa ukuthi ingcindezi ephezulu elindelwe yokuvala inhloko yomthombo wemithombo yemithombo ejulile kakhulu ingadlula i-100 MPa, okungenzeka ukuthi ikhona i-hydrogen sulfide. Amathuluzi okuhlola nokuqedela umthombo asetshenziswa kabanzi avame ukulinganiselwa ku-70 MPa kanye no-175°C. Izintambo zokuhlola umkhiqizo wemithombo yemithombo ejulile kakhulu zinobukhulu obuncane kodwa zidinga amandla aphezulu. Ukusebenzisa izinto ezikhethekile kanye nemiklamo yamapayipi angewona ajwayelekile kwenza kube nzima ukwenza ngcono uhlelo futhi kwenza ukuhlaziywa kokucindezeleka nokuqinisekiswa kube nzima kakhulu. Uketshezi lokuhlola umthombo wemithombo ye ...